Gloss and surface analysis of various composite materials

Abstract

Introduction To obtain the ideal aesthetics, each restorative material must imitate natural tooth in color, surface texture and be stable over time. Damage or wear of the material causes poor optical properties of the restoration, so it is necessary to repolish, repair or replace it. The aim of this study was to test the gloss and surface changes of the composite materials with filler's particles of different size, before and after material artificial mechanical ageing. Material and Methods Four composite materials were tested, two microhybrid composites (Gradia Direct GC, Herculite XRV, Kerr) and two nanohybrid composites (Filtek Ultimate 3M; TetricEvoceram, Ivoclar). Composites' samples of 9 × 9 × 2 mm in size were polished in accordance to the standard protocol by Sof-Lex discs (2382 C, SM, F, SF) for 30 seconds. Gloss was measured after polishing and taking photos using optical microscope (400×). In the chewing simulator, ageing of the samples was conducted (100,000 cyclic kicks). After the samples' ageing, surface photos were taken and gloss measured. The obtained results were statistically processed (One-way ANOVA, t-test). Results The best gloss after polishing was shown by Filtek Ultimate (54.00 ± 14.06), the worst by Gradia Direct (47.33 ± 7.92). There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in surface gloss after polishing composite. The smallest defects on the surface of composites were detected in material Gradia Direct (21363.7 mm2 ) with the average value of the diameter 137 mm. Conclusion The tested nanohybrid and microhybrid composites showed comparable gloss value before and after artificial aging. Mechanical aging caused vivid changes regarding surface defects on all tested composite materials.

Uvod Da bi se dobila idealna estetika, svaki restaurativni materijal mora oponašati prirodni zub po boji i teksturi površine i mora biti stabilan u vremenu. Oštećenje ili habanje materijala uzrokuje loša optička svojstva ispuna, pa ga je neophodno prepolirati, reparirati ili zameniti. Cilj rada je bio da se ispitaju sjaj i površinske promene kompozita sa različitom veličinom čestica punilaca, pre i posle artificijalnog mehaničkog starenja. Materijal i metode Testirana su četiri kompozita, dva mikrohibridna (Gradia Direct GC; Herculite XRV, Kerr) i dva nanohibridna (Filtek Ultimate 3M; Tetric Evoceram, Ivoclar). Uzorci kompozita (9 × 9 × 2 mm) polirani su po standardnom protokolu diskovima Sof-Lex 30 sek. Posle poliranja izmeren je sjaj, a uzorci su posmatrani pod optičkim mikroskopom (×400). U simulatoru žvakanja uzorci su izloženi artificijalnom starenju sa 100.000 cikličnih udaraca. Posle mehaničkog starenja ponovo je izmeren sjaj, a površine su fotografisane i sačuvane u digitalnom formatu. Dobijeni rezultati su statistički obrađeni (One-way ANOVA, t-test). Rezultati Najveći sjaj posle poliranja pokazao je Filtek Ultimate (54,00 ± 14,06), a najmanji Gradia Direct (47,33 ± 7,92). Nije bilo statistički značajne razlike sjaja između testiranih materijala posle poliranja (p > 0,05). Najmanji defekti na površini kompozita uočeni su kod materijala Gradia Direct (21.364 mm), sa srednjom vrednošću prečnika 137 mm. Zaključak Ispitivani nanohibridni i mikrohibridni kompozitisu pokazali komparabilne vrednosti sjaja pre i posle artificijalnog starenja. Mehaničko starenje je izazvalo vidljive promene u vidu površinskih defekata na svim ispitivanim kompozitima.