Determination of alveolar bone loss biomarkers related to peri-implantitis

Abstract

Peri-implantitis is inflammatory process characterized by supporting bone loss of loaded oral implants. The pathognomonic characteristic of peri-implantitis is supporting bone loss of the loaded implant. This process is based on inflammatory osteoclastogenesis which simultaneously represent the central pathologic process of the disorder. Inflammatory osteoclastogenesis implies maturation of pre-osteoclasts and enhancement of the activity of maturated osteoclasts which are induced by achieving of the critical concentrations of proinflammatory mediators. Clinical characteristics of the peri-implantitis are still not strictly defined and they vary because in the physiological conditions the values of clinical parameters varies among individuals, for example peri-implant sulcus depth represents the individual determinant which could be from 0.5mm to 4mm as well. Simultaneously, the marginal bone loss is the physiological characteristic around implants in function, which is the most intensive in the first year of loading represented by the -0.78mm in the mesial sites and -0.85mm at the distal sites, and after that the process is constant and bone loss at the year level is approximately 0.2mm. The mentioned value is the average values that individually vary and it depends of the implant type, abutments and numerous other factors. From that reason the relative clinical attachment level (rCAL), nether radiological proof of bone loss could be accepted as the absolute indicators of the pathological bone loss. In the peri-implant diagnostics the most frequently are used the few different diagnostic procedures in the combination to give the complete diagnostic view. These diagnostic methods include: evaluation of clinical parameters, radiological analyses, microbiological analyses and quantitative and qualitative analyses of PICF. The PICF analysis is one of the most attractive methods in current implantology, where the one of the most precious values is providing of the direct information on peri-implant tissues d based on that providing information on early disease onset in the phase of reversible damage. This limitation of clinical methods results in time loss proportionally decreasing treatment success, and frequently resulting in inappropriate treatment planning. Based on that, evaluation of biomarkers in PICF sample compensates limitations of conventional diagnostic procedures without capability to provide accurate information on early disease. Numerous studies have been conducted to identify the biomolecules accurately reflecting peri-implant tissue condition, but since the pathology of local metabolism is complex, the method for evaluation is still under standardization...

Peri-implantitis predstavlja inflamatorni proces koji se karakteriše gubitkom potporne kosti opterećenog oralnog implantata. Osnovna patološka karakteristika peri-implantitisa je gubitak potporne kosti implantata u funkciji. Ovaj proces je zasnovan na inflamatornoj osteoklastogenezi koja ujedno predstavlja centralni patološki proces peri-implantitisa. Inflamatorna osteoklastogeneza predstavlja proces sazrevanja pre-osteoklasta i pojačavanje aktivnosti zrelih osteoklasta pod uticajem kritičnih koncentracija pro-inflamatornih medijatora. Kliničke karakteristike peri-implantitisa nisu strogo definisane i variraju iz prostog razloga jer dubina peri-implantnog sulkusa značajno varira s'toga dubina džepa predstavlja individualnu determinantu. Istovremeno, proces gubitka marginalne kosti predstavlja fiziološku pojavu koja je najintezivnija u prvoj godini opterećenja, i istraživanja su pokazala da iznosi -0.78mm mezijalno i -0.85mm distalno, a zatim se kontinurano odvija i na godišnjem nivou iznosi oko 0.2mm. Pomenuta vrednost iznosi prosečnu vrednost ali ona takođe individualno varira i uslovljena je tipom implantata, dizajnom abatmenta i mnogim drugim faktorima. Iz tog razloga se relativni nivo pripojnog epitela (rCAL) kao ni radiološki evidentan gubitak kosti ne mogu usvojiti kao apsolutni indikatori patološkog gubitka kosti. U dijagnostici stanja peri-implantnih tkiva koristi se nekoliko tipova metoda i najčešće u kombinaciji radi što potpunijeg postavljanja dijagnoze. Dijagnostičke metode uključuju: određivanje kliničkih parametara, radiološke analize, mikrobiološke analize i kvalitativne i kvantitativne analize peri-implantnte krevikularne tečnosti (PICF). Analiza PICF predstavlja jednu od najatraktivnijih metoda u savremenoj implantologiji, pri čemu je njena najveća vrednost u tome što daje direktne informacije o stanju peri-implantinh tkiva i zasnovano na tome poseduje mogućnost da pokaže rane znake oboljenja peri-implantnih tkiva u fazi gde su tkivne promene reverzibilne. Ovo ograničenje kliničkih metoda rezultira u propuštanju vremena od momenta pojave bolesti koje proporcijonalno umanjuje uspeh terapije, a često i u izboru neadekvatnog terapijskog plana. Zasnovano na tome, metoda merenja specifičnih biomarkera u uzorku PICF nadomešćuje ograničenja konvencionalnih kliničkih dijagnostičkih metoda koje daju informacije u stadijumu razvijene bolesti. Brojne studije se sprovode u cilju identifikacije biomolekula koji pouzdano reflektuje stanje peri-implantnih tkiva, ali kako je patologija lokalnog meatbolizma kompleksna, a metoda evaluacije visoko-osetljiva, standardizacija ove metode je još uvek u toku...